The Persian Wars Essays - Battle Of Salamis, Greco-Persian Wars

The Persian Wars A long time ago Croesus the king of Lydia took over the Greek colonies on the east coast of Asia Minor (Turkey). Croesus was a kind and fair ruler so the Greeks did not really mind. But around 546 BC King Croesus and his empire was overthrown by Cyrus the Great who was Persian. About fifty years later Asia Minor revolted against Persia. The rebellion was assisted by Athens. The rebellion was successful. After the rebellion had stopped Darius I took complete control over Asia Minor. Darius sent tyrants to rule over all Greek city states except Athens and Sparta refused to accept the tyrants. After Darius took rule the Ionian city states rebelled another time. Darius took this as a personal insult and sent troops in to destroy Athens. Athens beat the Persians whose army was almost three times the size of the Athenian army at the famous Battle of Marathon. The battle was fought on the Plains of Marathon outside of Athens. Darius' successor Xerxes I brought together the largest army of ancient history. In 480 BC Xerxes led his troops to the narrow passes of Thermopylae. In this battle several thousand soldiers led by the Spartan leader Leonidas I fought against the Spartans. A Greek traitor told the Persians a way to get around the Greek forces and enter the pass through their flank. The Persians did so and annihilated the Greek forces from the rear. There was nothing left between the Persians and Athens so the Persians plundered and destroyed the abandoned city. The next battle that took place was when the Persian fleet tried to pursue the Greek fleet at the Battle of Salamis. The Persians did not stand a chance in that battle and lost. All the Persian forces left in Greece were defeated a year later at the Battle of Plataea and Greece won it's independence.

Huck Finn and Intruder in the Dust essays

Huck Finn and Intruder in the Dust essays Mark Twain and William Faulkner write completely different ways than each other. One is a very humorous writer that brings up many issues most people would never bring up. He fills his works with social satire and makes fun of all different types of writing from almost every era before his time. Mark Twain criticizes hypocrites, racists, aristocrats and any other category of person. The other of the two is unlike any other; his unconscious writing is full of information about the conflicts in the south at a trying time period. He tells his novels from so many different points of view and ties it all into one story. Although the stream-of-conscience writing he did is hard to follow it can be deciphered and thoroughly understood and is now greatly respected. The two had very different writing styles but wrote about the same problems from the south and what was affected. Mark Twain in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and William Faulkner in Intruder in the Dust show that racism and st ereotyping can blind people to the truth. Racial stereotyping causes groups of white people to accuse a black man of murder without knowing the facts. Jim, a black slave, is accused of murdering Huck Finn, a white orphan, by Hucks guardians. Jim decides to leave town and escape from slavery so he will have a better chance to free his family. The same night Huck eludes his abusive father for fear of his safety. Both he and Huck are in terrible situations that they feel they need to get out of for their own good. Jim is going to be sold down river to New Orleans for eight hundred dollars and Huck is trapped in his fathers cabin where he is taking on physical, emotional and mental abuse. Finn fakes his death with and elaborate plan and leaves town at the same time Jim escapes his plantation and makes his way to Jacksons island where he meets Huck for the first time. Huck asks, ...how long you been on the island, Jim?...I come heah d...

Construction Procurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Construction Procurement - Essay Example There are different approaches to procuring projects. These approaches are complicated since they lack clarity and particular description of particular procurement routes. The common types of procurement routes available are; For this type of procurement route, the client develops the idea of the project and comes up with a budget. A consultant prepares the design and tender documents for the scope of work to be executed. It is the work of the client to appoint a suitable contractor to execute the work according to the design. The contractor has to complete the work within the specified time frame after an agreement on the contract amount. The contractor remains in a position to sublet the work although he remains liable to the client. During the execution of works, the consultant remains as the administrator, advising the contractor in matters pertaining to design, the progress of work and payment certificates ought to be paid by the client. The contractor is therefore obliged to execute work according to the design, failure of which may lead to his disqualification. To minimize these risks, some refinements are made to this method. This refinement is called Two stage tender. The contractor’s tender relies on consultant’s design partially. This is the stage 1 tender. Thereafter, the contractor will assist in the development of the design and complete tender documents. These documents are then used to develop tenders for the work to be executed (stage 2 tender).the party involved in stage 1 tender has the opportunity to participate in the construction stage. This refinement adds risks to the final tender sum, uncertainty in date of completion of the project. The only variance that is involved in this route is called contractor design portion. This involves the consultant completing most of the work in design. The contractor completes the rest. This is only applicable when special design input is needed.  Ã‚  

Principles of Employment Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Principles of Employment Relations - Essay Example c issue discussed by critics - â€Å"A broad survey of academic studies shows that while unions can sometimes achieve benefits for their members, they harm the overall economy.†(Sherk, 2009). In modern times there are number of concept associated with the existence of Union in various parts of the globe. If one analyzes the present scenario, union’s role in the modern world is of labor cartels. â€Å"A labor cartel restricts the number of workers in a company or industry to drive up the remaining workers wages, just as the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) attempts to cut the supply of oil to raise its price.† (Sherk, 2009). To ensure smooth functioning of the companies, top management in various cases agreed upon to pay out high salary to their employees by affecting their overall profit or by increasing the price of their offerings. Economic study finds that a range of activities of the unions might do well to their members but as an issue of concern it constantly harm consumers in general. Not only that, the actions of Union sometimes hampered the job opportunity for the deserving candidate as well. Although there are number of negative point of views about the role played by the unions in the job market, economy and development of the country, there is some positive side as well. In this paper the main objective is to focus on the role played by the union in Australian economy and how the role of the union changes over the duration of time. The Australian Workers Union over the course of time has demonstrated both positive and negative sides of trade unionism. At times unions have bravely opposed to employers and various organizations’ decisions which were against the benefit or the poor workers. As a matter of fact, the Australian union over a long period of time was not interested to get involved into direct bargaining with their employers but was always committed to ensure national wage-fixing practices of Australian industrial

Anything related to Civil Engineering Research Proposal

Anything related to Civil Engineering - Research Proposal Example balancing all the fundamentals of construction management, safety remains the most significant aspect of the construction management that ends up being compromised, when the balancing of the other aspects of the construction is involved (Andersen, 21). Construction is a hazardous business. Whenever construction accidents happen, the costs are normally high on the people, productivity and profitability associated with the project (McGraw Construction, 7). In this respect, there is a great need to understand how safety can be integrated into the whole construction management process, right from the design to the completion of the project. It is well known that safety issues, accidents and hazards are costly to the construction industry. For that reason, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) laws have been established in order to guide the safety and health protection at construction project sites (Lingard, 212). Nevertheless, even with the laws guiding safety and health protection within construction sites in place, accidents and safety hazards still occur in construction sites (Andersen, 21). A large number of construction project owners have always engaged in search for ways to circumvent the safety measures and regulations issued by different safety authorities and agencies in their construction projects (Lingard, 213). However, the few parties in the construction industry who have been keen to adhere to the safety and health requirements in their projects have realized significant positive impacts, which include good reputation, less injury and less legal claims against the companies, as well a s little disruptions in the project plans (McGraw Construction, 27). Therefore, this research study will seek to assess how safety management can become the priority of the construction project owners, as opposed to being a mandatory regulation that they should adhere to. The proposed research seeks to evaluate the motivation and underlying factors

Understanding The Current Trends In Product Placement Media Essay

Understanding The Current Trends In Product Placement Media Essay Product placement is a paid product message aimed at influencing movie (or television) audiences via the planned and unobtrusive entry of a branded product into a movie (or television program). (Balasubramanian 1994, 29; Immonen 1998, 14) These are the prominent definitions given for the concept of product placements by academicians in the past. The pertinent points that relate to product placements in these definitions are that a) its used in entertainment programs/productions b) its paid for by the brands involved. Entertainment mediums like television and radio have long been targeted by advertisers to pitch their products in the mindset of the consumers. Initially these took the form of Spots on these mediums between the programs. They were specialized productions in themselves whose whole purpose was to advertise these products. However with time this method started getting increasingly cluttered. First there was an inherent mental switching off by the viewers during the advertising. The viewers paid little or no attention during the breaks of the program. Morever with technological advent, viewers had the option to switch to another channel, both for television and radio, known as the phenomenon of zapping. Product placements presented a way out of this problem of zapping. The appearance of the products is incorporated as a part of the program itself. Therefore there is no chance of the viewer leaving it for something else. Also the audience is in a high state of involvement, so it is easier to for the brand to leave a mark on the mind space of the viewer. The viewer is also generally very involved with certain characters in a program. If the product is placed in conjuction with the character, it becomes a sort of endorsement by a loved character, which can be very desirable. An example is the placement of Mars chocolate in E.T, where the product got linked with the kids and E.T itself. Another example is James Bond being with a lot of products in the movies. The products acquire a different aura when they are associated with a strong character like James Bond. From the perspective of the producers of the movie/television program product placements are a source of income. In the present times, when the shelf life of the movies has decreased and the budgets have sky-rocketed it makes sense to indulge in this process to make some money even before the movie has even been filmed. The concept of product placement has become so popular that it has started being incorporated during the scripting stage of the movie or T.V program itself. There are specialized agencies which broker between production houses and the brands the following diagram illustrates how this works. Product placement and AIDA model The AIDA model of consumer behavior is as drawn above. Product placement can be used in all of these stages to pitch a product to the potential viewer. However in most of the cases, product placements are used in cases where awareness regarding the brand is to be generated or interest is to be generated regarding it. Awareness In a lot of instances, product placements have been timed to coincide with the launch of a new product. The goal is to integrate the product placement with the other activities related with creating awareness of the new product. With an established actor mentioning the product or better using the product, the launch creates a huge buzz. An example in the Indian context was product placement of Maruti Swift in the hit Bollywood movie Bunty and Babli, coninciding with the launch of the product. The characters of Abhishek Bacchan and Rani Mukherjee are shown to run from the police in a Maruti swift in the climax. Amitabh Bacchan specifically mentions the name of the brand in a subsequent scene. Thus the viewer gets to actually look at the product for the first time. Interest In this case, a brand which has already been launched for quite some time, benefits from product placement by having its working explained for the first time. This works very well for the technology products, where the features of the product get explained when the user is in a very high involved state of mind. However the example which I will quote is that of a services firm, Western Union money transfer service. In the movie Virudhh, the character of John Abraham is shown to transfer money using the service. The character explicitly mentions that with Western Union money transfer, the transfer gets done efficiently and instantly. Desire Product placements lend themselves very nicely in situations designed to provoke desire among the viewers. By nature movies and television characters have an aspirational air about them. Therefore when they use products on screen it creates a desire among the viewers to own the product. Examples are the high end automobiles used in the Bond franchise over the years. This works very well for products like apparel or accessories because of the perception of good looks attached with the stars on screen. Ray ban has extensively been placed in movies over the years. A notable example is Slyvester Stallone using Ray Bans in the Rocky franchise. Product placement and FCB model Affective Informative Thinking Feeling Self-satisfaction Habit forming High involvement Low involvement If we analyse product placements by the lens of the FCB model, examples can be given for each of the quadrants. Starting with the bottom most quadrant of self satisfaction, cigarettes were one of the earliest users of product placements, with the lead actor of the hit T.V show I dream of Lucy smoking a prominent brand on the show. These days, Coke is placed on the American Idol. Also in a lot of movies, the banners of Coke are placed in the background suggesting subliminal advertising. In the affective quadrant, these are products which evoke very strong feelings and are high involvement. Here automobile has been another sector which has bet heavily on product placements. Examples have already been given above. The products in the informative category are a little tough to push in a product placement scenario since it will require quite an amount of screen time. Also unless the product is highly engrained in the plot, the placement for a large screen time may actually become jarring. In spite of this, it has been tried quite successfully. The Western Union money transfer example has already been taken previously. Also Microsoft has plugged its software in the hit T.V series 24. However the limitation of screen time and plot involvement restricts itself in categories of products which are habit forming. There are no prominent examples of product placement which can be given in this category. Global vs Local In the Indian landscape product placements have mostly been done till now. However, now regional movies have started to tap this source of revenue as well. Examples include the recent Bengali film Antaheen where the hair oil Nihar was placed in a prominent manner. In the Telugu movie, Â  Anukokunda Oka Roju, actor Jagapati Babu is seen carrying a pack of Real juice most of the time. However the very nature of product placements means it can be done for mass produced entertainment productions, and therefore cannot be used at a more local, say a town level because the number of eye balls captured will be much too less. Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages Product placement can offer many advantages over other forms of advertising media, especially cost efficient communication. Over the life of a film, including its theatrical run, premium cable appearances, other televised broadcasts and home video rental, cost-per-thousand exposures continues to decrease, eventually declining to mere pennies on the dollar. Product placement also narrows (and often obliterates) the gap between movies and the rest of our marketer-dominated culture. Films can be selected that target consumers who may be difficult to reach with more conventional advertising methods. Nearly three-fourths of the audience for theatrical films is 16-39 years old, a group highly prized by advertisers. Associating brands with particular actors, films or contexts allows the marketer to associate a brand with congruent lifestyle or usage situations. Films offer these brands the full sight, sound, and motion capabilities they do not have access to in radio and television. Finally , product placements are one means for overcoming the all-to-common problem of advertising avoidance via zipping, zapping and muting. Additionally during movies and television shows, viewers are in a very involved and perceptive state of mind, thus making it easier for a product to leave an impression. Disadvantages With the increase in use of product placement, analysts fear that consumers will develop ad-blindness, becoming so accustomed to ads that they stop noticing them. This may happen because when an ad is repeated too often, people adapt to their presence and start filtering them out of their vision. The movie E.T. and Reeses pieces were an example of successful product placement. The use of a recognizable candy added to the appeal of the story. However, poor use of product placement can compromise the integrity of the story. The latest James Bond movie Casino Royale, has been lambasted in the movie for being too much like one long commercial. Although at that time most of the release had used more product placement yet probably due to the way is was done, product placement id Casino Royale led to ad-resentment; the audience to felt like they were being cheated and the whole movie was an ad. Comparison of TV commercial and Product placement Parameter TV commercial Product placement Cost Very high (usually millions `) Low compared to TV commercial Viewers high Very high % viewers watching Very low, usually less than 10% at a time Very high, chances of missing the product are too less, usually 90-100% watching CPM High compared to product placement Duration of Advertisement Very less Extremely high, can be many years Investment to create the commercial yes no Number of Countries Usually One Can be in many countries Number of times shown Once Hundreds to thousands of time Conceptual Model for effectiveness measurement A three dimensional model is used for product placement and the best methodology to capture the user response on product placement is lab experimental A Three-Dimensional Construct Product placement can be categorized along three dimensions i.e. Visual, verbal and plot connection. Video dimension relates to screen placements which depend upon number of appearances on the screen, the style of camera shot for the product etc. The verbal refers to the brand being mentioned in a dialogue. Its variation depends upon the context in which brand is mentioned, frequency and emphasis placed on brand name (tone of the voice, place in the dialogue, character speaking at the time, etc.). Third dimension, plot connection refers to integration in the plot of story1. The relevance of product placement can be judged by the level of plot placement, a high plot placement is done by taking major roles in story or building persona of the character and a mere mention of the name is considered lower plot..Cases of higher plot placements are where a character is clearly identified with the brand, e.g. James Bond with his Aston Martin, then BMW Z3, or where the brand becomes a central part of the plot, as in the Pottery Barn episode of Friends or the Kenny Rogerss Roasted Chicken episode in Seinfeld. Most of the empirical studies on product placement tried to measure its effectiveness in term of how well it is remembered.These measures assumes that effects of memory are similar to effects of attitude but there are counterviews which dictates that there is no correlation between memory and attitude measure. Since recall may be a poor predictor of persuasion, research on the effectiveness of product placements should investigate both memory and attitude effects. This model focus by determining not only how a placement is cognitively processed and thus whether it will be recalled but also how it affects consumers attitudes The Theater Methodology Traditional approach of experimental testing the theoretical framework involved quasi-experimental e.g. finding existing TV shows with product placements which goes well with script, screen and plot dimensions. This procedure was complicated and also introduced noise, making it imprecise. These issues were removed and a new methodology was developed i.e. called theatre Methodology It uses a videotaped screen play as the setting for presentation of stimuli. The branded product are strategically placed inside some written original screenplay The main motivation for using a theatrical setting is to increase the level of experimental control while providing an environment similar to existing television shows. These days a huge chunk of brand placements happens through television shows or movies, so the experiment had to be conducted in audio and visual environment. Moreover, developing a new script and videotaping different versions of the plays allowed the production of multiple treatments. In addition, the use of a specially developed screenplay eliminated any contamination related to prior exposure. This methodology provided a unique environment for the empirical testing of product placement. By placing different brands within the same environment, it offered an opportunity to experimentally test messages that varied only on certain specified dimensions, thus maximizing the internal validity of the experiment. Suggestion for experimental design We have found that some of the previous studies have used experimental design so we are suggesting one of those. Experimental designs which can be used to test the effectiveness of product placement. The design would includes Modality We have studies earlier that key component of Tripartite Typology of Product Placement, has focused primarily on programming differences between visual and auditory information. Research on modality of presentation in audio-visual contexts suggests that the visual and auditory channels indeed differ in the amount of meaning that they carry. The visual channel serves to create the perspective in which the story is set and auditory channel, on the other hand, carries the script of a television program, and, as a result, serves as a conveyor of semantic information through speech. Modality signals how much meaning a stimulus carries, modality of presentation will thus be crucial in determining the effectiveness of a placement. Plot Connection Plot connection is third dimension of the product placement framework, which is discussed earlier. The level of plot connection will determine the role and importance of a placement in a story and will qualify the effects of modality. Now for experimental design, we can use within-subjects design i.e all the subjects saw all the brands. Each placement can be considered to consist of a different combination of modality and plot connection level which can be shown on a 2X2 matrix with each cell represented by one or more brands. We can ask different subjects about the product placement of similar brand sin different categories which will help us in identifying the effectiveness of the product placement Sample Revenue Model There are many different models followed by the parties to product placement and the model shown above is an example of one of these models. This advertising model is based on 30 second time slot for product placement. It is centred on the broadcasters, which includes TV networks, cable and satellite service providers. A broadcaster usually buys the airing rights for different TV shows and then airs the shows for consumers. To make a profit, the broadcaster sells placement spots to advertisers or ad agencies. The cost for the ad spot varies with the Tv channel and the kind of program. Some of the examples of cost of slot is from year 2005-2006, the cost of a 30-second ad spot in the top-10 shows ranged from $705,000 (American Idol) to $293,000 (Two and A Half Men). In this model, the broadcaster sells all the ad spots, and earns all of the advertising revenue. The only revenue source for the content creators, or the production studios, is the licensing fees broadcasters pay for the r ights to air their shows. Compatibility with other form of communication Maximum value can be created out of product placement if it is integrated wit other forms of communication. The key is to avoid using isolated product placement opportunities and create connections to other elements of advertising plan. Product placement can be combined with celebrity endorsement for instance to create much better communication e.g. Santro being used in a Shahrukh Khan movie will be much more noticeable than with other actors or Scooty pep+ being used in Priety Zinta movies. In addition, a product placement can be just the right thing to complement other advertising initiatives that attend the launch of new products. At other places the product placement itself can be used at other places or in other forms of communication e.g. Ray Ban glasses used in Men in Black were used in print media Examples Movies: Movies are the most common place of product placement. The appearance can be traced back to as early as 1920s but it became a commercialized business only after 1950. Of many new product placements in movies few are Aston Martin in Casino royale, iPhone in Gulliver, Everlast and Budweiser in Jackass. Television: Product is very common on television. It can be done on reality shows like big brother which often features one of the participants stating something along the lines of: Oh, did you check out the new product X by company Y yet? after which the camera zooms in onto the named product. It has been claimed that the participants get paid for it. Other example is placing Coca cola in American Idol Comic publishing: SA football comic uses product placement to promote many brands, and the comic is distributed free of cost to all its readers around the world. Product placement occurs at many places in the publication; on the shirts of the players, through placed billboards, and through the branding of locations or scenarios. Music and recording industries: This type of product placement is fairly newly and has not been used much even though the viewership is fairly high. A recent example is the song of movie Dabangg, where Mallaika Arora mentions Zandu Baam.

Ancient Greek Olympics :: essays research papers

Ancient Greek Olympics Reporting today's Olympic games is like a technological masterpiece. The athletes compete in many events, their times and scores are tallied and sent worldwide by satellites and high-tech computers within seconds. Each event is carefully watched and recorded with a sense of history. There was no such sense of history or records when the first Games began in Ancient Greece. The first recorded champion in Greece was a sprinter, Coroebus, he was a cook in a near by Greek city called, Elis. He ran naked on a sanded course in front of thousands of spectators. The course was about 630 feet long "or one stad-from which the word stadium was derived." His victory won him a wreath of olive leaves. That was in 776 BC and this year became very important to later Greek Historians. In 300 BC all time was dated by Olympiads, a time span of four years between the games. The Olympiad began with the first recorded foot race. As far back in Greek time as anyone can remember, the human body was a very beautiful thing. "A body of a man had glory, as well as his mind, that both needed discipline, and by that such discipline men best honored Zeus." From time to time the Greeks held ceremonies of Games in honor of their god Zeus. They held these ceremonies for the areas in which they took place. These places were, Pythian, Isthmian, Nemeam, and of course, Olympian. The Olympian games go back to the time of the first people to live in the valley of Alpheas River. There in Elis, in the western Peloponnesus was Olympia, "the fairest spot in Greece." This land was filled with beauty and snowcapped mountains. This area was a perfect spot for the ceremonies held every four years, for Zeus. In 1875, the most important ruins of Ancient Greece were uncovered. One important ruin that was discovered was the temple of Zeus, that was in use about 2,500 years ago. Near it was the temple for his wife, Hera that was even older. It was used about 2,900 years ago. Another important discovery was the finding of the statue of Hermes. Hermes was sculpted by the Praxiteles. This statue was found in the Hera's Temple. Contained in the Temple of Zeus was one of the Seven Wonders of the World, it was a statue of Zeus sitting on his throne, it was larger then a two-story house. This great masterpiece was made by, Phidias, it was made of ivory and gold. Soon everyone wanted to win the favor of their god, Zeus.

Short Story: The Desert

â€Å"Alex! †¦..Alex! Where are you?† roared Mike running around the desert. He heard loud footsteps coming towards him, they were getting closer†¦ closer but before he could turn around and get a glimpse of the person, he found his legs running again! He ran rapidly. In spite of his efforts, the stranger got hold of Mike. â€Å"Leave me alone, please, I didn't do anything† yelled Mike, who was breathless. Finally, the stranger spoke â€Å"It's me Alex, get a grip on yourself. Why were you running like a wild cheetah?† With grief, Mike spoke â€Å"Oh Alex†¦..I thought it was†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Before he could finish, they hugged each other. Mike's small, pale blue eyes were filled with tears, which were gradually coming out. Besides, Mike's condition was so bad that even Alex's exceptional sense of humour did not even cheer Mike up. Then, Alex said â€Å"Come on Alex, lets go for a stroll† in a weary tone. The lonely brothers were lingering through the boiling desert. Mike was sweltering, particularly his feet, which were crammed in reeking white socks. Ingeniously, as if he had read Mike's mind, he stepped in front of him, with his shimmering, new shoes. Alex's healthy and built-up body managed to give his little, unfortunate brother some shade. Mike, who was extremely exasperated, started bickering to himself. A lust of dirt got into Alex's eyes. As he raised his sweating long arms, his wristwatch was reflecting rays off light; frustrated he cleared the dirt from his eyes. From a far distance, the twin-like brothers spotted a massive tree filled with dead leaves. Finally, they got some rest. As they sat down, a bunch of starving vultures were hovering around the sky. Mike was wearing a thick pair of glasses, a tucked shirt, with a tomato red tie and casual pants. Whilst, Alex wore a sports top, low-waist jeans and shoes which were untied. It seems as if they come from two different worlds; however, they were brothers and did have similarities. The two ill-fated brothers were stuck in the middle of the Sahara Desert. The sun had started to set. It was getting dark, and Mike started to panic. Weird sounds of howling were coming and so were grumbling noises came from their empty stomachs. Alex, who was extremely arid, started licking his sticky, sweating palms. It was midnight, and by now, both the brothers were creeped out and the small brother was so scared, he hugged his elder brother. His two pale arms flung around Alex's back. The two brothers could feel the warmth, although thus peaceful moment didn't last long. BANG!! An extremely loud sound was heard. It seemed as if the sun was shot down into a million microscopic pieces. Mike's heart pounded so loud that Alex could hear it drumming in his chest. An owl hooted closeby and Mike was sure he could see the glimmer of ghostly nocturnal eyes emerging into the night. Wild animals were approaching them hungrily; tonight Alex and Mike would be dinner unless they acted quickly. Mike turned to Alex and said â€Å"What are they frightened of? What can keep them away?† â€Å"Fire† said Alex, â€Å"we must light a fire now, it's our only chance.† Alex had been a boy scout and he suddenly felt thankful for all those cold and damp camping trips, his parents had made him take. Without wasting a single second, Alex told Mike how to make a fire and both brothers gathered the materials together. The flint they found would not light, but all of a sudden a spark ignited and the embers of a fire began to flicker. The dry wood started to burn rigorously and scared the hungry creatures away. It was only then that Mike saw the stranger approaching through the campfire smoke.

How to Write a Cause and Effect Essay for College Essay Example

How to Write a Cause and Effect Essay for College Essay Example How to Write a Cause and Effect Essay for College Essay How to Write a Cause and Effect Essay for College Essay Essay Topic: Cause and Effect How To Write A Cause and Effect Essay For College A cause and effect essay is a basic essay type that is commonly used in college. However, cause and effect essay writing actually begins when in grade school and is used up through higher education. Understanding cause and effect is extremely important as these types of essays help with critical thinking and understanding of relationship between ideas. Typically a cause and effect essay looks at topics that are multi-faceted and not Just one dimensional to explore the relationship between them. These types of essays create many different types of views typically on the ame topic since each writer will view the cause and effect of different topics and relationships differently. The information within the essay needs to pertain directly to the topic and the cause and effect. There needs to be plenty of research with credible resources cited within the essay. The essay begins with the introduction, which should clearly define the topic that is going to be covered. Many times, the cause or the effect is used as the topic or thesis of the essay. Also, some professors may require that the essay to be written from the cause or the effect view. Alternatively, your essay can also be written to cover what causes create certain effects. Either way, the thesis needs to be clearly defined and easy to understand as well so the reader knows if it is the cause or the effect that is being covered. The rest of the essay is the body and conclusion. The length of the paper will be determined by the professors requirements, as well as how in depth the cause and effect essay needs to be covered. Typically, there are 5 paragraphs that can be used. There is the introduction, three body paragraphs and the conclusion. However, again it will epend on the requirements of the paper and the topic itself. There can also be an introduction paragraph and four or five body paragraphs and a conclusion paragraph as well as other variations. The body of the essay should clearly define the causes or effects, depending on which angle the essay is being written from. Each paragraph should cover one point or topic and then lead into the next paragraph so that all the ideas are connected together. There should be the topic sentence that is used to cover the main idea of the paragraph, and then the rest of the paragraph should go into further detail. This will ensure the causes or effects are clearly defined and there is a proper flow to the paper as well. The last paragraph is the conclusion and you should restate the thesis, but in a different way. It should summarize the entire essay, but there should be no opinion added here. Cause and effect essays are about facts, not opinions. There should also not be any ideas, problem solving or any type of call to action either. The cause and effect essay needs to be stated factually so the reader than draws their own conclusions instead. How to Write a Cause and Effect Essay for College By Jenya-ulyana

Classical conditioning vs. Operant conditioning essays

Classical conditioning vs. Operant conditioning essays Classical conditioning vs. Operant conditioning Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are different learning methods. What exactly is conditioning? Conditioning is the acquisition of specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well-defined stimuli. Both classical and operant conditioning are basic forms of learning. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organism learns to transfer a natural response from one stimulus to another, previously neutral stimulus. Manipulating reflexes does this. Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which the likelihood of a behavior is increased or decreased by the use of reinforcement or punishment. Operant conditioning deals with more cognitive thought process. These two forms of learning have similarities and differences. Their similarities are that they both produce basic phenomena. One such phenomenon is acquisition. Both types of conditioning result in the inheritance of a behavior. One of the most famous of experiments that illustrates classical conditioning is Pavlov's Dogs. In this experiment, Pavlov sat behind a one-way mirror and controlled the presentation of a bell. The bell was the conditioned stimulus. A conditioned stimulus was an originally neutral stimulus that could eventually produce a desired response when presented alone. Directly after the ringing of the bell, Pavlov gave the dog food. The food was the unconditioned stimulus. This means that the food caused an uncontrollable response whenever it was presented alone. That response would be the salivation of the dog. A tube that was in the dog's mouth then measured the saliva. When the unconditioned stimulus (US) was paired with a conditioned stimulus (CS), it eventually resulted in a conditioned response. Extinction results if there is a decrease in frequency or strength of a learned response due to the failure to continue to pair the US and the CS. Extinct ...

Child Labor In Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Child Labor In Business - Essay Example These are consistency and universalisability as well as human dignity. The maxim of consistency and universalisability requires individuals within business enterprises to act in correspondence with the maxim while the maxim of human dignity requires fair treatment of humanity â€Å"as an end instead of a means to an end† (Makkreel and Luft 47). This conjecture offers a basis for the progress of extensive and honorable rules that can effectively guide the operations of a business enterprise in terms of ethical considerations. For example, it can guide an organisation to make laws and codes of conduct based on the 1998 ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work. This declaration calls for the effective closing down of institutions abusing child labor. The philosophical interpretations of this theory are applicable when addressing the malpractice of child labor in business because it is majorly concerned with goodwill as the rational motivation for human beings. In essence, business managers who subscribe to this theory will understand that children are rational human beings who should be motivated by the good will of education, care, play and treatment instead of exposure to inhuman treatment of child labor. Besides, the theory highlights the need for respect, human rights and equality for all. This is in contrast to the ideals of child labor where children are exposed to harsh treatment. Extensively overworking anybody including a child has adverse and detrimental effects on the health, psychological, physical and welfare of the child (Makkreel and Luft 47). Child labor within businesses is enormous and complex. Kantianism faces several shortcomings as it tries to address these shortcomings. This is because the theory assumes that humans are... This essay stresses that child labor within businesses is enormous and complex. Kantianism faces several shortcomings as it tries to address these shortcomings. This is because the theory assumes that humans are independent rational beings. However, this is false children because the factors that drive children into child labor are beyond their control. Children lack the capacity to make appropriate decisions, and lack independence to support their choices. This report makes a conclusion that business managers can eliminate child labour by focusing on the act of utilitarianism and the rule of utilitarianism. In the act of utilitarianism, it is necessary to review the consequences of individual actions and calculate its usefulness during performance. The rule of justice operates â€Å"under the veil of ignorance† and demands that each individual should enjoy equal rights. The resultant liberties should match the related liberty systems for other people. In this regard, the social and economic inequalities need correction to address the needs of the disadvantaged and provide equal and fair opportunities to everyone. This is especially the case in positions or offices where people seek services. Based on this understanding, the social contract theory is applicable in business organisations that lack existing regulations that encourage the growth of child labour. The application of social contract theory will ensure that business org anisations consider the rights and justices.

Aspirin Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Aspirin - Assignment Example Two Italians, Brugnatelli and Fontana, had in fact already obtained salicin in 1826, but in a highly impure form. By 1829, [French chemist] Henri Leroux had improved the extraction procedure to obtain about 30g from 1.5kg of bark. In 1838, Raffaele Piria [an Italian chemist] then working at the Sorbonne in Paris, split salicin into a sugar and an aromatic component (salicylaldehyde) and converted the latter, by hydrolysis and oxidation, to an acid of crystallized colorless needles, which he named salicylic acid (Bellis, 2012) Acetyl salicylic acid is the chemical name of Aspirin. In other words, Salicylic acid is the major content of Aspirin. Aspirin plays a vital role in the metabolism of humans and animals. This paper analyses the various aspects of aspirin such as chemical formula, systemic names, physical and chemical properties, relevance of its physical and chemical properties and precautions while taking aspirin etc. As mentioned earlier, Acetyl salicylic acid is the chemical name of Aspirin. C9H8O4 is the chemical formula of aspirin. The elaborated chemical formula of aspirin can be represented as CH3COOC6H4COOH. In other words, each aspirin molecule consists of 9 carbon atoms, 8 hydrogen atoms and 4 oxygen atoms. Structural formula of aspirin can be represented as follows. Physically, Aspirin is a solid substance. It is colorless, odorless, white, crystalline, acidic substance. Its melting point is 137 °C and boiling point is 140 °C. Moreover, it is soluble in water. As evident from the chemical structure, Aspirin is an aromatic compound with a ring structure. It can be converted into several different useful compounds because of its ring or aromatic structure. â€Å"Molecular Weight of aspirin is 180.15 g/mole and its Specific Gravity: 1.35 (Water = 1)† (Material Safety Data Sheet Acetylsalicylic acid MSDS, n.d., p.3).